JailbreakBench
100 harmful and 100 benign behaviors with a standard jailbreak artifact library. Scored by attack success rate.
- Released
- March 2024
- Kind
- Jailbreaks and prompt injection
- Scored
- Graded by a model
- Answers
- Open-ended
- Tasks
- All public
- Last in a system card
- January 2026
- Last model added
- January 2026
- Scores refreshed
- November 12th, 2026
In the authors’ words
Jailbreak attacks cause large language models (LLMs) to generate harmful, unethical, or otherwise objectionable content. Evaluating these attacks presents a number of challenges, which the current collection of benchmarks and evaluation techniques do not adequately address. First, there is no clear standard of practice regarding jailbreaking evaluation. Second, existing works compute costs and success rates in incomparable ways. And third, numerous works are not reproducible, as they withhold adversarial prompts, involve closed-source code, or rely on evolving proprietary APIs. To address these challenges, we introduce JailbreakBench, an open-sourced benchmark with the following components: (1) an evolving repository of state-of-the-art adversarial prompts, which we refer to as jailbreak artifacts; (2) a jailbreaking dataset comprising 100 behaviors – both original and sourced from prior work (Zou et al., 2023; Mazeika et al., 2023, 2024) – which align with OpenAI's usage policies; (3) a standardized evaluation framework at https://github.com/JailbreakBench/jailbreakbench that includes a clearly defined threat model, system prompts, chat templates, and scoring functions; and (4) a leaderboard at https://jailbreakbench.github.io/ that tracks the performance of attacks and defenses for various LLMs. We have carefully considered the potential ethical implications of releasing this benchmark, and believe that it will be a net positive for the community.
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) leads with 0%
Best score per entry from the benchmark's own leaderboard, read on November 12th, 2026. Where a model ran with several settings or harnesses, we keep its best. Every run is in the next chart. Names in gray aren't in our model list: fine-tunes, agent systems, products and older models. They don't count toward leaders.
- 1 GPT-3.5-Turbo-1106 Defense: SmoothLLM; White-box access 0%
- 2 Vicuna-13B-v1.5 Defense: Erase-and-Check; Black-box access 0%
- 3 Llama-2-7B-Chat Defense: None; Black-box access 0%
- 4 GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Perplexity filter; White-box access 0%
Source: Official JailbreakBench leaderboard
| # | Entry | Score | Setting | Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | GPT-3.5-Turbo-1106 | 0% | Defense: SmoothLLM; White-box access, Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) | Official leaderboard | |
| 2 | Vicuna-13B-v1.5 | 0% | Defense: Erase-and-Check; Black-box access, Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) | Official leaderboard | |
| 3 | Llama-2-7B-Chat | 0% | Defense: None; Black-box access, Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) | Official leaderboard | |
| 4 | GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | 0% | Defense: Perplexity filter; White-box access, Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) | Jan 2024 | Official leaderboard |
Scores at each effort level
Models the leaderboard ran at two or more effort levels. We don’t have enough cost data here to say what the extra effort costs.
Source: Official JailbreakBench leaderboard
| Model | Effort | Harness | Score | Cost per task | Output tokens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: None; Logprob access | Prompt with Random Search | 78% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Perplexity filter; Logprob access | Prompt with Random Search | 70% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: SmoothLLM; Logprob access | Prompt with Random Search | 56% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Remove Non-Dictionary; Logprob access | Prompt with Random Search | 46% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: None; Black-box access | Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) | 34% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Perplexity filter; Black-box access | Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) | 30% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Remove Non-Dictionary; Black-box access | Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) | 25% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Synonym Substitution; Black-box access | Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) | 24% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: SmoothLLM; Black-box access | Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) | 19% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Synonym Substitution; White-box access | Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) | 15% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Erase-and-Check; Logprob access | Prompt with Random Search | 10% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Synonym Substitution; Logprob access | Prompt with Random Search | 5.00% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: None; White-box access | Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) | 4.00% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: SmoothLLM; White-box access | Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) | 4.00% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Erase-and-Check; White-box access | Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) | 2.00% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Remove Non-Dictionary; White-box access | Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) | 2.00% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Erase-and-Check; Black-box access | Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) | 1.00% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Perplexity filter; White-box access | Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) | 0% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: None; Black-box access | AIM | 0% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: SmoothLLM; Black-box access | AIM | 0% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Perplexity filter; Black-box access | AIM | 0% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Erase-and-Check; Black-box access | AIM | 0% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Synonym Substitution; Black-box access | AIM | 0% | ||
| GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) | Defense: Remove Non-Dictionary; Black-box access | AIM | 0% |
Number one over time
Lab claims count from the day the card came out, independent runs from the model’s release.
Source: Official JailbreakBench leaderboard
Scores over time
All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.
Source: Official JailbreakBench leaderboard
Labs report it only in system cards
We read the headline results of 522 launch posts from 52 labs, and none of them list this benchmark. Some system cards do, below.
One system card reports it
Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.
| Date | Document | Score | As the document writes it | Section |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan 5, 2026 | | JailbreakBench safe rate by Llama-Guard-3-8B, CoT+Answer, three subsets with no overall: Behaviors 96.0, Judge comparison 98.67, Jailbreak prompts 90.0 (Table 10) | Robustness |
More in Safety and alignment
- FORTRESS In use Paired adversarial and benign national-security misuse prompts. Rubric-graded risk score on adversarial and over-refusal score on benign prompts. Claude Opus 5.5 5.78%
- StrongREJECT In use Forbidden-prompt jailbreak benchmark with a rubric grader that scores how useful a non-refusal actually is.
Inkling 98.6%
- Gray Swan IPI Arena benchmark In use Indirect prompt-injection attacks from public red-teaming competitions replayed on tool, coding and browser agents. Attack success rate at k attempts.
Gemini 4 Carbon 0%
- DistressBench In use Models reply as a chatbot to 718 simulated users in psychological crisis, in single-turn and multi-turn chats. Three judge models score replies against clinician-written rubrics.
Muse Spark 1.2 88.4%
- Lakera B3 (Backbone Breaker Benchmark) In use Crowdsourced prompt-injection attacks hit backbone LLMs inside agent threat snapshots at three defense levels. The score is attack resistance, 100 minus the board's vulnerability percentage. Claude Opus 4.5 89%
- IHEval In use Models face conflicts between system, user and tool instructions. Reports a composite score for following the higher-priority instruction. GPT-4o 70%