Benchmark Almanac

JailbreakBench

GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) 0% leads since March 2024
Only in system cards

100 harmful and 100 benign behaviors with a standard jailbreak artifact library. Scored by attack success rate.

Released
March 2024
Kind
Jailbreaks and prompt injection
Scored
Graded by a model
Answers
Open-ended
Tasks
All public
Last in a system card
January 2026
Last model added
January 2026
Scores refreshed
November 12th, 2026

In the authors’ words

Jailbreak attacks cause large language models (LLMs) to generate harmful, unethical, or otherwise objectionable content. Evaluating these attacks presents a number of challenges, which the current collection of benchmarks and evaluation techniques do not adequately address. First, there is no clear standard of practice regarding jailbreaking evaluation. Second, existing works compute costs and success rates in incomparable ways. And third, numerous works are not reproducible, as they withhold adversarial prompts, involve closed-source code, or rely on evolving proprietary APIs. To address these challenges, we introduce JailbreakBench, an open-sourced benchmark with the following components: (1) an evolving repository of state-of-the-art adversarial prompts, which we refer to as jailbreak artifacts; (2) a jailbreaking dataset comprising 100 behaviors – both original and sourced from prior work (Zou et al., 2023; Mazeika et al., 2023, 2024) – which align with OpenAI's usage policies; (3) a standardized evaluation framework at https://github.com/JailbreakBench/jailbreakbench that includes a clearly defined threat model, system prompts, chat templates, and scoring functions; and (4) a leaderboard at https://jailbreakbench.github.io/ that tracks the performance of attacks and defenses for various LLMs. We have carefully considered the potential ethical implications of releasing this benchmark, and believe that it will be a net positive for the community.

Abstract of JailbreakBench: An Open Robustness Benchmark for Jailbreaking Large Language Models (arXiv:2404.01318, CC0)
4
Entries on its own leaderboard, 1 model we track
1
System card reports it, from 1 lab

GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) leads with 0%

Best score per entry from the benchmark's own leaderboard, read on November 12th, 2026. Where a model ran with several settings or harnesses, we keep its best. Every run is in the next chart. Names in gray aren't in our model list: fine-tunes, agent systems, products and older models. They don't count toward leaders.

  1. 1 GPT-3.5-Turbo-1106 Defense: SmoothLLM; White-box access 0%
  2. 2 Vicuna-13B-v1.5 Defense: Erase-and-Check; Black-box access 0%
  3. 3 Llama-2-7B-Chat Defense: None; Black-box access 0%
  4. 4 GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Perplexity filter; White-box access 0%

Source: Official JailbreakBench leaderboard

#EntryScoreSettingDateSource
1 GPT-3.5-Turbo-1106 0% Defense: SmoothLLM; White-box access, Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) Official leaderboard
2 Vicuna-13B-v1.5 0% Defense: Erase-and-Check; Black-box access, Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) Official leaderboard
3 Llama-2-7B-Chat 0% Defense: None; Black-box access, Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) Official leaderboard
4 GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) 0% Defense: Perplexity filter; White-box access, Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) Jan 2024 Official leaderboard

Scores at each effort level

Models the leaderboard ran at two or more effort levels. We don’t have enough cost data here to say what the extra effort costs.

Lowest effort to highest, light to dark
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Prompt with Random Search
Defense: Sy… Defense: Re… Defense: Sm… Defense: Pe… Defense: No…
78%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR)
Defense: Er… Defense: Sm… Defense: Re… Defense: No…
34%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG)
Defense: Pe… Defense: Sy… Defense: No…
15%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) AIM
Defense: Sm…
0%

Source: Official JailbreakBench leaderboard

ModelEffortHarnessScoreCost per taskOutput tokens
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: None; Logprob access Prompt with Random Search 78%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Perplexity filter; Logprob access Prompt with Random Search 70%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: SmoothLLM; Logprob access Prompt with Random Search 56%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Remove Non-Dictionary; Logprob access Prompt with Random Search 46%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: None; Black-box access Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) 34%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Perplexity filter; Black-box access Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) 30%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Remove Non-Dictionary; Black-box access Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) 25%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Synonym Substitution; Black-box access Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) 24%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: SmoothLLM; Black-box access Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) 19%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Synonym Substitution; White-box access Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) 15%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Erase-and-Check; Logprob access Prompt with Random Search 10%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Synonym Substitution; Logprob access Prompt with Random Search 5.00%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: None; White-box access Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) 4.00%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: SmoothLLM; White-box access Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) 4.00%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Erase-and-Check; White-box access Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) 2.00%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Remove Non-Dictionary; White-box access Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) 2.00%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Erase-and-Check; Black-box access Prompt Automatic Iterative Refinement (PAIR) 1.00%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Perplexity filter; White-box access Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) 0%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: None; Black-box access AIM 0%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: SmoothLLM; Black-box access AIM 0%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Perplexity filter; Black-box access AIM 0%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Erase-and-Check; Black-box access AIM 0%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Synonym Substitution; Black-box access AIM 0%
GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) Defense: Remove Non-Dictionary; Black-box access AIM 0%

Number one over time

Lab claims count from the day the card came out, independent runs from the model’s release.

OpenAI
Own leaderboard Not tested since Mar 2024

Source: Official JailbreakBench leaderboard

Scores over time

All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.

On the benchmark’s own leaderboard Best so far
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2024 GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2024 GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024) GPT-4 Turbo (Jan 2024)

Source: Official JailbreakBench leaderboard

Labs report it only in system cards

We read the headline results of 522 launch posts from 52 labs, and none of them list this benchmark. Some system cards do, below.

One system card reports it

Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.

DateDocumentScoreAs the document writes itSection
Jan 5, 2026 Falcon H1R 7B technical report JailbreakBench safe rate by Llama-Guard-3-8B, CoT+Answer, three subsets with no overall: Behaviors 96.0, Judge comparison 98.67, Jailbreak prompts 90.0 (Table 10) Robustness

More in Safety and alignment

All 465 in Safety and alignment
  • FORTRESS In use Paired adversarial and benign national-security misuse prompts. Rubric-graded risk score on adversarial and over-refusal score on benign prompts. Claude Opus 5.5 5.78%
  • StrongREJECT In use Forbidden-prompt jailbreak benchmark with a rubric grader that scores how useful a non-refusal actually is. Inkling 98.6%
  • Gray Swan IPI Arena benchmark In use Indirect prompt-injection attacks from public red-teaming competitions replayed on tool, coding and browser agents. Attack success rate at k attempts. Gemini 4 Carbon 0%
  • DistressBench In use Models reply as a chatbot to 718 simulated users in psychological crisis, in single-turn and multi-turn chats. Three judge models score replies against clinician-written rubrics. Muse Spark 1.2 88.4%
  • Lakera B3 (Backbone Breaker Benchmark) In use Crowdsourced prompt-injection attacks hit backbone LLMs inside agent threat snapshots at three defense levels. The score is attack resistance, 100 minus the board's vulnerability percentage. Claude Opus 4.5 89%
  • IHEval In use Models face conflicts between system, user and tool instructions. Reports a composite score for following the higher-priority instruction. GPT-4o 70%