Contextual Nuclear Knowledge
Models answer 222 multiple choice questions on nuclear engineering with a nonproliferation focus. Scored as cons@32 accuracy.
Questions written by an MIT nuclear security fellow for OpenAI Preparedness.
- Made by
- OpenAI
- Released
- December 2024
- Kind
- Dangerous capabilities
- Level
- Expert
- Scored
- Checked automatically
- Answers
- Multiple choice
- Tasks
- Kept private
- Strongest model tested
- o1 #117 on the capability index
- Last in a system card
- February 2025
- Last model added
- February 2025
OpenAI deep research leads with 77% among models released by February 2025
Best score per model as labs report them in their own cards. Labs pick their own settings, so these compare less cleanly than independent runs.
The newest model with a score here came out in February 2025, and nobody has reported a newer one. Among the 20 highest-ranked models on the capability index, these have no score yet:
- Claude Fable 5.2
-
Gemini 4 Carbon - GPT-6 Astra
- Claude Opus 5.5
- and 16 more
- 1 OpenAI deep research 77%
- 2 o1 74%
- 3 o3-mini 73%
- 4 GPT-4.5 71%
Source: Labs’ model cards
| # | Model | Score | Setting | Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | OpenAI deep research | 77% | Feb 2025 | Lab model card | |
| 2 | o1 | 74% | Dec 2024 | Lab model card | |
| 3 | o3-mini | 73% | Jan 2025 | Lab model card | |
| 4 | GPT-4.5 | 71% | Feb 2025 | Lab model card |
2 models have held number one in labs’ own numbers since its release in December 2024
Lab claims count from the day the card came out, independent runs from the model’s release.
Source: Labs’ model cards
Scores over time
All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.
Source: Labs’ model cards
Labs report it only in system cards
We read the headline results of 522 launch posts from 52 labs, and none of them list this benchmark. Some system cards do, below.
4 system cards report it, from 1 lab
Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.
| Date | Document | Score | As the document writes it | Section |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feb 27, 2025 | GPT-4.5 system card | 71 | Contextual Nuclear Knowledge, cons@32, GPT-4.5 (Post), printed chart label (4.4.1) | Bio and chem risk |
| Feb 25, 2025 | OpenAI deep research system card | 77 | Contextual Nuclear Knowledge, cons@32, post-mitigation with browsing, printed chart label (without browsing 75%) (3.4.5) | Bio and chem risk |
| Jan 31, 2025 | o3-mini system card | 73 | Contextual Nuclear Knowledge, cons@32, o3-mini (Post), printed chart label (5.5.2) | Bio and chem risk |
| Dec 5, 2024 | o1 system card | 74 | Contextual Nuclear Knowledge, accuracy cons@32, o1 (post-mitigation), printed chart label (5.6.2) | Bio and chem risk |
More in Safety and alignment
- FORTRESS In use Paired adversarial and benign national-security misuse prompts. Rubric-graded risk score on adversarial and over-refusal score on benign prompts. Claude Opus 5.5 5.78%
- StrongREJECT In use Forbidden-prompt jailbreak benchmark with a rubric grader that scores how useful a non-refusal actually is.
Inkling 98.6% - Gray Swan IPI Arena benchmark In use Indirect prompt-injection attacks from public red-teaming competitions replayed on tool, coding and browser agents. Attack success rate at k attempts. Gemini 4 Carbon 0%
- DistressBench In use Models reply as a chatbot to 718 simulated users in psychological crisis, in single-turn and multi-turn chats. Three judge models score replies against clinician-written rubrics.
Muse Spark 1.2 88.4% - Lakera B3 (Backbone Breaker Benchmark) In use Crowdsourced prompt-injection attacks hit backbone LLMs inside agent threat snapshots at three defense levels. The score is attack resistance, 100 minus the board's vulnerability percentage. Claude Opus 4.5 89%
- IHEval In use Models face conflicts between system, user and tool instructions. Reports a composite score for following the higher-priority instruction. GPT-4o 70%