Benchmark Almanac

MHPP

o1-preview 68.1% leads since September 2024
o1-preview 68.1% leads since September 2024
Dropped

Models write Python functions for 210 human-curated problems that need careful reading of specifications and multi-step reasoning. Unit tests check each solution.

Built to be harder than HumanEval and MBPP. The paper evaluated 26 models.

Released
May 2024
Kind
Function-level problems
Level
University
Scored
Checked automatically
Answers
Code
Tasks
All public
Strongest model tested
o1-mini #140 on the capability index
Last in a launch post
May 2025, dropped before it saturated
Last model added
June 2025
Scores refreshed
November 12th, 2026

In the authors’ words

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have greatly improved code generation, specifically at the function level. For instance, GPT-4o has achieved a 91.0% pass rate on HumanEval. However, this draws into question the adequacy of existing benchmarks in thoroughly assessing function-level code generation capabilities. Our study analyzed two common benchmarks, HumanEval and MBPP, and found that these might not thoroughly evaluate LLMs' code generation capacities due to limitations in quality, difficulty, and granularity. To resolve this, we introduce the Mostly Hard Python Problems (MHPP) dataset, consisting of 210 unique human-curated problems. By focusing on the combination of natural language and code reasoning, MHPP gauges LLMs' abilities to comprehend specifications and restrictions, engage in multi-step reasoning, and apply coding knowledge effectively. Initial evaluations of 26 LLMs using MHPP showed many high-performing models on HumanEval failed to achieve similar success on MHPP. Moreover, MHPP highlighted various previously undiscovered limitations within various LLMs, leading us to believe that it could pave the way for a better understanding of LLMs' capabilities and limitations. MHPP, evaluation pipeline, and leaderboard can be found in https://github.com/SparksofAGI/MHPP.

Abstract of MHPP: Exploring the Capabilities and Limitations of Language Models Beyond Basic Code Generation (arXiv:2405.11430, CC0)
30
Entries on its own leaderboard, 23 models we track
1
Launch post lists it, from 1 lab
1
System card reports it, from 1 lab

o1-preview leads with 68.1% among models released by October 2024

Best score per entry from the benchmark's own leaderboard, read on November 12th, 2026. Where a model ran with several settings or harnesses, we keep its best. Names in gray aren't in our model list: fine-tunes, agent systems, products and older models. They don't count toward leaders.

o1-preview leads with 68.1%, claims included

Best score per model from every source, including labs’ own numbers and claims Epoch AI collected from reports and papers. Labs pick their own settings, so a claim can beat an independent run of the same model.

The newest model with a score here came out in October 2024, and nobody has tested a newer one. Among the 20 highest-ranked models on the capability index, these have no score yet:

  1. 1 o1-preview 68.1%
  2. 2 o1-mini 66.2%
  3. 3 GPT-4o May 2024 51.4%
  4. 4 Claude 3.5 Sonnet (October 2024) 48.1%
  5. 5 Claude 3.5 Sonnet 45.2%
  6. 6 GPT-4 Turbo Apr 2024 43.8%
  7. 7 GPT-4o mini 42.4%
  8. 8 Mistral Large 2 Jul 2024 41.4%
  9. 9 Claude 3 Haiku 20241022 (inconsistent source identity) 40.5%
  10. 10 DeepSeek-V2.5 Sep 2024 40%
  11. 11 Llama 3.1-405B 39.5%
  12. 12 Llama 3.1-70B 33.8%
  13. 13 DeepSeek-33B 32.9%
  14. 14 Gemma 2 27B 28.6%
  15. 15 GPT-3.5 Turbo Jan 2024 28.1%
  16. 16 Codestral 22B 25.2%
  17. 17 Claude 3 Haiku 24.8%
  18. 18 Mixtral 8x22B 21.9%
  19. 19 DeepSeek-6.7B 21%
  20. 20 phi-3-medium 14B 21%
  21. 21 Codestral Mamba 7B 20%
  22. 22 phi-3-mini 3.8B 19.5%
  23. 23 phi-3-small 7.4B 19.5%
  24. 24 Gemma 2 9B 18.1%
  25. 25 Llama 3.1-8B 17.1%
  26. 26 CodeGemma 7B 1.1 15.7%
  27. 27 DeepSeek-1.3B 11.4%
  28. 28 Mixtral 8x7B 11%
  29. 29 Gemma 2 2B IT 9.50%
  30. 30 Mistral 7B v0.3 9.00%

Source: Official MHPP leaderboard

#EntryScoreSettingDateSource
1 o1-preview 68.1% Sep 2024 Official leaderboard
2 o1-mini 66.2% Sep 2024 Official leaderboard
3 GPT-4o May 2024 51.4% May 2024 Official leaderboard
4 Claude 3.5 Sonnet (October 2024) 48.1% Oct 2024 Official leaderboard
5 Claude 3.5 Sonnet 45.2% Jun 2024 Official leaderboard
6 GPT-4 Turbo Apr 2024 43.8% Apr 2024 Official leaderboard
7 GPT-4o mini 42.4% Jul 2024 Official leaderboard
8 Mistral Large 2 Jul 2024 41.4% Jul 2024 Official leaderboard
9 Claude 3 Haiku 20241022 (inconsistent source identity) 40.5% Official leaderboard
10 DeepSeek-V2.5 Sep 2024 40% Sep 2024 Official leaderboard
11 Llama 3.1-405B 39.5% Jul 2024 Official leaderboard
12 Llama 3.1-70B 33.8% Jul 2024 Official leaderboard
13 DeepSeek-33B 32.9% Official leaderboard
14 Gemma 2 27B 28.6% Jun 2024 Official leaderboard
15 GPT-3.5 Turbo Jan 2024 28.1% Jan 2024 Official leaderboard
16 Codestral 22B 25.2% Official leaderboard
17 Claude 3 Haiku 24.8% Mar 2024 Official leaderboard
18 Mixtral 8x22B 21.9% Apr 2024 Official leaderboard
19 DeepSeek-6.7B 21% Official leaderboard
20 phi-3-medium 14B 21% Apr 2024 Official leaderboard
21 Codestral Mamba 7B 20% Official leaderboard
22 phi-3-mini 3.8B 19.5% Apr 2024 Official leaderboard
23 phi-3-small 7.4B 19.5% Apr 2024 Official leaderboard
24 Gemma 2 9B 18.1% Jun 2024 Official leaderboard
25 Llama 3.1-8B 17.1% Jul 2024 Official leaderboard
26 CodeGemma 7B 1.1 15.7% Official leaderboard
27 DeepSeek-1.3B 11.4% Official leaderboard
28 Mixtral 8x7B 11% Dec 2023 Official leaderboard
29 Gemma 2 2B IT 9.50% Jul 2024 Official leaderboard
30 Mistral 7B v0.3 9.00% Sep 2023 Official leaderboard
#ModelScoreSettingDateSource
1 o1-preview 68.1% Sep 2024 Official leaderboard
2 o1-mini 66.2% Sep 2024 Official leaderboard
3 GPT-4o May 2024 51.4% May 2024 Official leaderboard
4 Claude 3.5 Sonnet (October 2024) 48.1% Oct 2024 Official leaderboard
5 Claude 3.5 Sonnet 45.2% Jun 2024 Official leaderboard
6 GPT-4 Turbo Apr 2024 43.8% Apr 2024 Official leaderboard
7 GPT-4o mini 42.4% Jul 2024 Official leaderboard
8 Mistral Large 2 Jul 2024 41.4% Jul 2024 Official leaderboard
9 DeepSeek-V2.5 Sep 2024 40% Sep 2024 Official leaderboard
10 Llama 3.1-405B 39.5% Jul 2024 Official leaderboard
11 Seed-Coder-8B-Instruct 36.2% May 2025 Lab model card
12 Llama 3.1-70B 33.8% Jul 2024 Official leaderboard
13 Gemma 2 27B 28.6% Jun 2024 Official leaderboard
14 GPT-3.5 Turbo Jan 2024 28.1% Jan 2024 Official leaderboard
15 Claude 3 Haiku 24.8% Mar 2024 Official leaderboard
16 Mixtral 8x22B 21.9% Apr 2024 Official leaderboard
17 phi-3-medium 14B 21% Apr 2024 Official leaderboard
18 phi-3-mini 3.8B 19.5% Apr 2024 Official leaderboard
19 phi-3-small 7.4B 19.5% Apr 2024 Official leaderboard
20 Gemma 2 9B 18.1% Jun 2024 Official leaderboard
21 Llama 3.1-8B 17.1% Jul 2024 Official leaderboard
22 Mixtral 8x7B 11% Dec 2023 Official leaderboard
23 Gemma 2 2B IT 9.50% Jul 2024 Official leaderboard
24 Mistral 7B v0.3 9.00% Sep 2023 Official leaderboard

Labs report scores for 1 model in their cards. Switch the scores above to rank them together.

3 models have held number one on the official leaderboard since its release in May 2024 3 models have held number one with claims included since its release in May 2024

Lab claims count from the day the card came out, independent runs from the model’s release.

OpenAI
Own leaderboard Not tested since Oct 2024
o1-preview 68.1%

Source: Official MHPP leaderboard

Scores over time

All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.

On the benchmark’s own leaderboard Reported by the lab in its model card Best so far
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2024 2025 Near the ceiling (85%) o1-preview GPT-4o GPT-4 Turbo GPT-3.5 Turbo Mixtral 8x7B 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2024 2025 Near the ceiling (85%) o1-preview GPT-4o

Sources: Official MHPP leaderboard and labs’ model cards

No launch post has listed it since May 2025

Launch posts from every lab that has listed it, one tick per post. Tall colored ticks include it, and short gray ones leave it out.

ByteDance Seed
DateLaunch postScoreAs the post writes it
May 8, 2025 Seed-Coder-8B-Instruct 36.2 MHPP

One system card reports it

Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.

DateDocumentScoreAs the document writes itSection
Jun 4, 2025 Seed-Coder-8B-Instruct technical report 36.2 MHPP pass@1 (Table 7) Capabilities

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