Red Teaming Network pairwise safety comparison
Red teamers compare anonymized responses from two models in free-form risky conversations. Scored as the share of ratings where a model is safer.
Human red teamers rate only conversations with at least one perceived unsafe response.
- Made by
- OpenAI
- Released
- December 2024
- Kind
- Refusing harmful requests
- Level
- Expert
- Scored
- Ranked by votes
- Answers
- Open-ended
- Tasks
- Kept private
- Strongest model tested
- o1 #117 on the capability index
- Last in a system card
- February 2025
- Last model added
- February 2025
2 models have ratings here, all from their labs’ own posts
Best score per model as labs report them in their own cards. Labs pick their own settings, so these compare less cleanly than independent runs. A rating ranks a model only against others rated in the same arena at the same time, so these don’t show who leads.
- 1 o1 59.8%
- 2 OpenAI deep research 59.2%
Source: Labs’ model cards
| # | Model | Score | Setting | Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | o1 | 59.8% | Dec 2024 | Lab model card | |
| 2 | OpenAI deep research | 59.2% | Feb 2025 | Lab model card |
Scores over time
All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.
Source: Labs’ model cards
Labs report it only in system cards
We read the headline results of 522 launch posts from 52 labs, and none of them list this benchmark. Some system cards do, below.
3 system cards report it, from 1 lab
Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.
| Date | Document | Score | As the document writes it | Section |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feb 25, 2025 | OpenAI deep research system card | 59.2 | Targeted red teaming for risky advice, deep research ranked safer than GPT-4o 59.2% ± 3.9%, vs o3-mini 45.4% (Table 7) | Safety |
| Jan 31, 2025 | o3-mini system card | Pairwise Safety Comparison, win rates vs GPT-4o and o1 by self, peer and third-party raters, o3-mini-near-final-checkpoint, no overall score (Table 8) | Safety | |
| Dec 5, 2024 | o1 system card | 59.8 | Pairwise Safety Comparison, o1 rated safer vs gpt-4o by red teamers (Table 9) | Safety |
More in Safety and alignment
- FORTRESS In use Paired adversarial and benign national-security misuse prompts. Rubric-graded risk score on adversarial and over-refusal score on benign prompts. Claude Opus 5.5 5.78%
- StrongREJECT In use Forbidden-prompt jailbreak benchmark with a rubric grader that scores how useful a non-refusal actually is.
Inkling 98.6% - Gray Swan IPI Arena benchmark In use Indirect prompt-injection attacks from public red-teaming competitions replayed on tool, coding and browser agents. Attack success rate at k attempts.
Gemini 4 Carbon 0% - DistressBench In use Models reply as a chatbot to 718 simulated users in psychological crisis, in single-turn and multi-turn chats. Three judge models score replies against clinician-written rubrics.
Muse Spark 1.2 88.4% - Lakera B3 (Backbone Breaker Benchmark) In use Crowdsourced prompt-injection attacks hit backbone LLMs inside agent threat snapshots at three defense levels. The score is attack resistance, 100 minus the board's vulnerability percentage. Claude Opus 4.5 89%
- IHEval In use Models face conflicts between system, user and tool instructions. Reports a composite score for following the higher-priority instruction. GPT-4o 70%