Benchmark Almanac

GAOKAO-Bench

GPT-4-0314 72.2% tops its leaderboard GPT-4 Jun 2023 71.6% leads the models we track
InternVL3.5-241B-A28B 94.5% leads since August 2025
Dropped

Models answer Chinese national college entrance exam questions from 2010 to 2022 across nine subjects, with objective and subjective questions.

Labs usually report the objective-question accuracy. Later releases add 2023 and newer questions.

Released
May 2023
Kind
Exam questions
Level
School
Scored
Checked automatically
Answers
Multiple choice
Tasks
All public
Strongest model tested
GPT-4 Jun 2023 #184 on the capability index
Last in a launch post
August 2025, dropped after it saturated
Last model added
August 2025
Scores refreshed
November 12th, 2026

In the authors’ words

Large Language Models(LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across various natural language processing tasks; however, how to comprehensively and accurately assess their performance becomes an urgent issue to be addressed. This paper introduces GAOKAO-Bench, an intuitive benchmark that employs questions from the Chinese GAOKAO examination as test samples, including both subjective and objective questions. To align with human examination methods, we design a method based on zero-shot settings to evaluate the performance of LLMs. With human evaluation, we obtain the converted total score of LLMs, including GPT-4, ChatGPT and ERNIE-Bot.Our findings reveal that LLMs have achieved competitive scores in Chinese GAOKAO examination, while they exhibit significant performance disparities across various subjects. We also use LLMs to grade the subjective questions, and find that model scores achieve a moderate level of consistency with human scores. In conclusion, this research contributes a robust evaluation benchmark for future large language models and offers valuable insights into the advantages and limitations of such models.

Abstract of Evaluating the Performance of Large Language Models on GAOKAO Benchmark (arXiv:2305.12474, CC0)
13
Entries on its own leaderboard, 7 models we track
1
Launch post lists it, from 1 lab
2
System cards report it, from 2 labs

GPT-4-0314 tops the leaderboard with 72.2%

Best score per entry from the benchmark's own leaderboard, read on November 12th, 2026. Where a model ran with several settings or harnesses, we keep its best. Names in gray aren't in our model list: fine-tunes, agent systems, products and older models. They don't count toward leaders. The best model we track is GPT-4, at 71.6%.

InternVL3.5-241B-A28B leads with 94.5%, claims included

Best score per model from every source, including labs’ own numbers and claims Epoch AI collected from reports and papers. Labs pick their own settings, so a claim can beat an independent run of the same model.

The newest model with a score here came out in December 2023, and nobody has tested a newer one. Among the 20 highest-ranked models on the capability index, these have no score yet:

  1. 1 GPT-4-0314 72.2%
  2. 2 GPT-4 Jun 2023 71.6%
  3. 3 Gemini 1.0 Pro 57.9%
  4. 4 ERNIE-Bot-0615 56.6%
  5. 5 GPT-3.5 Turbo (Mar 2023) 53.2%
  6. 6 ERNIE-Bot-turbo-0725 45.6%
  7. 7 Baichuan2-13B-Chat 43.9%
  8. 8 chatglm2-6b 42.7%
  9. 9 Baichuan2-7b-Chat 40.5%
  10. 10 ChatGLM-6B 30.8%
  11. 11 Baichuan2-7b-Base 27.2%
  12. 12 LLaMA-7B 21.1%
  13. 13 Vicuna-7b 21%

Source: Official GAOKAO-Bench leaderboard

#EntryScoreSettingDateSource
1 GPT-4-0314 72.2% Official leaderboard
2 GPT-4 Jun 2023 71.6% Jun 2023 Official leaderboard
3 Gemini 1.0 Pro 57.9% Dec 2023 Official leaderboard
4 ERNIE-Bot-0615 56.6% Official leaderboard
5 GPT-3.5 Turbo (Mar 2023) 53.2% Mar 2023 Official leaderboard
6 ERNIE-Bot-turbo-0725 45.6% Official leaderboard
7 Baichuan2-13B-Chat 43.9% Sep 2023 Official leaderboard
8 chatglm2-6b 42.7% Jun 2023 Official leaderboard
9 Baichuan2-7b-Chat 40.5% Official leaderboard
10 ChatGLM-6B 30.8% Mar 2023 Official leaderboard
11 Baichuan2-7b-Base 27.2% Official leaderboard
12 LLaMA-7B 21.1% Feb 2023 Official leaderboard
13 Vicuna-7b 21% Official leaderboard
#ModelScoreSettingDateSource
1 InternVL3.5-241B-A28B 94.5% Aug 2025 Lab model card
2 GPT-4 Jun 2023 71.6% Jun 2023 Official leaderboard
3 ChatGLM3-6B 67.3% Jun 2024 Lab model card
4 Gemini 1.0 Pro 57.9% Dec 2023 Official leaderboard
5 GPT-3.5 Turbo (Mar 2023) 53.2% Mar 2023 Official leaderboard
6 Baichuan2-13B-Chat 43.9% Sep 2023 Official leaderboard
7 chatglm2-6b 42.7% Jun 2023 Official leaderboard
8 ChatGLM-6B 30.8% Mar 2023 Official leaderboard
9 LLaMA-7B 21.1% Feb 2023 Official leaderboard

Labs report scores for 2 models in their cards. Switch the scores above to rank them together.

2 models have held number one on the official leaderboard since its release in May 2023 3 models have held number one with claims included since its release in May 2023

Lab claims count from the day the card came out, independent runs from the model’s release. We draw one row each for the benchmark’s own leaderboard and what labs claim in their cards.

OpenAI Z.ai Shanghai AI Lab
Own leaderboard Not tested since Dec 2023
GPT-4 71.6%
Lab claims Passed 85% in Aug 2025, by InternVL3.5-241B-A28B

Sources: Official GAOKAO-Bench leaderboard and labs’ model cards

Shanghai AI Lab’s own number for InternVL3.5-241B-A28B passed 85% in August 2025

All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.

On the benchmark’s own leaderboard Reported by the lab in its model card Best so far
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2023 2024 2025 Near the ceiling (85%) InternVL3.5-241B-A28B GPT-4 GPT-3.5 Turbo (Mar 2023) LLaMA-7B 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2023 2024 2025 Near the ceiling (85%) InternVL3.5-241B-A28B GPT-4

Sources: Official GAOKAO-Bench leaderboard and labs’ model cards

Labs dropped it from launch posts once the best score passed 85%

Launch posts from every lab that has listed it, one tick per post. Tall colored ticks include it, and short gray ones leave it out.

Shanghai AI Lab
DateLaunch postScoreAs the post writes it
Aug 25, 2025 InternVL3.5-241B-A28B 94.5 GAOKAO

2 system cards report it, from 2 labs

Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.

DateDocumentScoreAs the document writes itSection
Aug 25, 2025 InternVL3.5-241B-A28B technical report 94.5 GAOKAO (Table 2, Table 14) Capabilities
Jun 18, 2024 ChatGLM3-6B technical report 67.3 ChatGLM3-6B-Base, GAOKAO-Bench (Table 1) Capabilities

More in Knowledge

All 121 in Knowledge
  • MMLU-Pro In use Harder 10-option version of MMLU with reasoning-focused questions across 14 subjects. Intern-S2-397B 89.8%
  • SuperGPQA In use 26,529 graduate-level multiple-choice questions across 285 disciplines. Accuracy. Qwen 3.6 Max (Preview) 73.9%
  • WideSearch In use 200 bilingual broad info-seeking tasks: agent collects many atomic facts into a table. Scored by success rate and row/item F1. Tencent Hy4 preview 83.9%
  • BBEH micro average In use Models solve harder replacements for each of the 23 BIG-Bench Hard tasks, 4,520 examples in total. The score is the share of all examples answered correctly. Gemma 4 31B IT 74.4%
  • KMMLU-Pro In use Models answer multiple-choice questions taken from Korean National Professional Licensure exams. It tests professional knowledge used in Korean industry. Solar Pro 4 79.2%
  • HLE-Verified In use Verified and revised version of Humanity's Last Exam (1,811 items) with uncertain items removed. Seed2.0 Pro 73.6%