Benchmark Almanac

MMLU-CF

GPT-4o Nov 2024 73.4% leads since December 2024
Not in model cards

Models answer new MMLU-style multiple-choice questions written to avoid training data contamination. A 10,000 question test set stays private.

Only the 10,000 question validation set is public. The makers score the test set on request through GitHub issues. OpenCompass supports it. ACL 2025.

Released
December 2024
Kind
Exam questions
Level
University
Scored
Checked automatically
Answers
Multiple choice
Tasks
Public, plus a private test set
Strongest model tested
Phi-4 #159 on the capability index
Last model added
December 2024
Scores refreshed
November 12th, 2026

In the authors’ words

Multiple-choice question (MCQ) datasets like Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) are widely used to evaluate the commonsense, understanding, and problem-solving abilities of large language models (LLMs). However, the open-source nature of these benchmarks and the broad sources of training data for LLMs have inevitably led to benchmark contamination, resulting in unreliable evaluation results. To alleviate this issue, we propose a contamination-free and more challenging MCQ benchmark called MMLU-CF. This benchmark reassesses LLMs' understanding of world knowledge by averting both unintentional and malicious data leakage. To avoid unintentional data leakage, we source data from a broader domain and design three decontamination rules. To prevent malicious data leakage, we divide the benchmark into validation and test sets with similar difficulty and subject distributions. The test set remains closed-source to ensure reliable results, while the validation set is publicly available to promote transparency and facilitate independent verification. Our evaluation of mainstream LLMs reveals that the powerful GPT-4o achieves merely a 5-shot score of 73.4% and a 0-shot score of 71.9% on the test set, which indicates the effectiveness of our approach in creating a more rigorous and contamination-free evaluation standard. The GitHub repository is available at https://github.com/microsoft/MMLU-CF and the dataset refers to https://huggingface.co/datasets/microsoft/MMLU-CF.

Abstract of MMLU-CF: A Contamination-free Multi-task Language Understanding Benchmark (arXiv:2412.15194, CC0)
44
Entries on its own leaderboard, 37 models we track

GPT-4o leads with 73.4% among models released by December 2024

Best score per entry from the benchmark's own leaderboard, read on November 12th, 2026. Where a model ran with several settings or harnesses, we keep its best. Every run is in the next chart. Names in gray aren't in our model list: fine-tunes, agent systems, products and older models. They don't count toward leaders.

The newest model with a score here came out in December 2024, and nobody has tested a newer one. Among the 20 highest-ranked models on the capability index, these have no score yet:

  1. 1 GPT-4o Nov 2024, 5-shot test 73.4%
  2. 2 Qwen2.5-72B 5-shot test 71.6%
  3. 3 GPT-4 Turbo Apr 2024, 5-shot test 70.4%
  4. 4 Llama 3.1-70B 0-shot test 70.4%
  5. 5 Qwen2.5-32B 5-shot test 69.7%
  6. 6 Llama 3-70B 5-shot test 68.9%
  7. 7 Llama 3.3 70B Instruct 5-shot test 68.8%
  8. 8 Phi-4 0-shot test 68.5%
  9. 9 Qwen2.5-14B 0-shot test 67%
  10. 10 GPT-4o mini 0-shot test 66%
  11. 11 Mixtral 8x22B 0-shot test 65.3%
  12. 12 Gemini 1.5 Flash Sep 2024, 5-shot test 64.8%
  13. 13 Phi-3.5-MoE 5-shot test 64.6%
  14. 14 Gemma 2 27B 0-shot test 64.2%
  15. 15 Phi-3-medium-instruct 5-shot test 64.2%
  16. 16 Qwen2-72B 5-shot test 63.7%
  17. 17 Yi-1.5-34B 5-shot test 61.3%
  18. 18 Qwen2.5-7B 5-shot test 61.3%
  19. 19 Qwen1.5-72B 5-shot test 59.8%
  20. 20 Mixtral 8x7B 0-shot test 58.9%
  21. 21 GLM-4-9B-Chat 0-shot test 58.6%
  22. 22 Qwen2-7B-Instruct 0-shot test 58.3%
  23. 23 Phi-3.5-mini 0-shot test 58.3%
  24. 24 GPT-3.5 Turbo Jan 2024, 5-shot test 58.2%
  25. 25 Phi-3-mini-instruct (3.8B) 0-shot test 58.2%
  26. 26 Internlm-2.5-7B-chat 0-shot test 57.9%
  27. 27 Llama 3-8B 5-shot test 57.3%
  28. 28 Llama 3.1-8B 5-shot test 57.1%
  29. 29 Qwen2.5-3B 5-shot test 55.9%
  30. 30 Gemma 2 9B 5-shot test 53.7%
  31. 31 Yi-1.5-6B-Chat 5-shot test 52.8%
  32. 32 Llama 2-70B 5-shot test 52.2%
  33. 33 Qwen2.5-1.5B 5-shot test 51.2%
  34. 34 Mistral 7B v0.3 0-shot test 51.1%
  35. 35 Deepseek-v2-lite-chat 5-shot test 49.3%
  36. 36 Baichuan2-13B-Chat 5-shot test 48.3%
  37. 37 Qwen2-1.5B-Instruct 5-shot test 47.1%
  38. 38 Llama 2-13B 0-shot test 44.8%
  39. 39 Baichuan-2-7B-chat 5-shot test 44.5%
  40. 40 Gemma-2-2B 5-shot test 43.9%
  41. 41 Llama 2-7B 0-shot test 41.9%
  42. 42 Qwen2.5-0.5B 5-shot test 41.9%
  43. 43 Internlm-2-chat-1.8b 0-shot test 41.2%
  44. 44 Qwen2-0.5B-Instruct 5-shot test 38.3%

Source: Official MMLU-CF leaderboard

#EntryScoreSettingDateSource
1 GPT-4o Nov 2024 73.4% 5-shot test Nov 2024 Official leaderboard
2 Qwen2.5-72B 71.6% 5-shot test Sep 2024 Official leaderboard
3 GPT-4 Turbo Apr 2024 70.4% 5-shot test Apr 2024 Official leaderboard
4 Llama 3.1-70B 70.4% 0-shot test Jul 2024 Official leaderboard
5 Qwen2.5-32B 69.7% 5-shot test Sep 2024 Official leaderboard
6 Llama 3-70B 68.9% 5-shot test Apr 2024 Official leaderboard
7 Llama 3.3 70B Instruct 68.8% 5-shot test Dec 2024 Official leaderboard
8 Phi-4 68.5% 0-shot test Dec 2024 Official leaderboard
9 Qwen2.5-14B 67% 0-shot test Sep 2024 Official leaderboard
10 GPT-4o mini 66% 0-shot test Jul 2024 Official leaderboard
11 Mixtral 8x22B 65.3% 0-shot test Apr 2024 Official leaderboard
12 Gemini 1.5 Flash Sep 2024 64.8% 5-shot test Aug 2024 Official leaderboard
13 Phi-3.5-MoE 64.6% 5-shot test Aug 2024 Official leaderboard
14 Gemma 2 27B 64.2% 0-shot test Jun 2024 Official leaderboard
15 Phi-3-medium-instruct 64.2% 5-shot test Dec 2024 Official leaderboard
16 Qwen2-72B 63.7% 5-shot test Jun 2024 Official leaderboard
17 Yi-1.5-34B 61.3% 5-shot test May 2024 Official leaderboard
18 Qwen2.5-7B 61.3% 5-shot test Sep 2024 Official leaderboard
19 Qwen1.5-72B 59.8% 5-shot test Feb 2024 Official leaderboard
20 Mixtral 8x7B 58.9% 0-shot test Dec 2023 Official leaderboard
21 GLM-4-9B-Chat 58.6% 0-shot test Jun 2024 Official leaderboard
22 Qwen2-7B-Instruct 58.3% 0-shot test Jun 2024 Official leaderboard
23 Phi-3.5-mini 58.3% 0-shot test Aug 2024 Official leaderboard
24 GPT-3.5 Turbo Jan 2024 58.2% 5-shot test Jan 2024 Official leaderboard
25 Phi-3-mini-instruct (3.8B) 58.2% 0-shot test Dec 2024 Official leaderboard
26 Internlm-2.5-7B-chat 57.9% 0-shot test Dec 2024 Official leaderboard
27 Llama 3-8B 57.3% 5-shot test Apr 2024 Official leaderboard
28 Llama 3.1-8B 57.1% 5-shot test Jul 2024 Official leaderboard
29 Qwen2.5-3B 55.9% 5-shot test Sep 2024 Official leaderboard
30 Gemma 2 9B 53.7% 5-shot test Jun 2024 Official leaderboard
31 Yi-1.5-6B-Chat 52.8% 5-shot test May 2024 Official leaderboard
32 Llama 2-70B 52.2% 5-shot test Jul 2023 Official leaderboard
33 Qwen2.5-1.5B 51.2% 5-shot test Sep 2024 Official leaderboard
34 Mistral 7B v0.3 51.1% 0-shot test Sep 2023 Official leaderboard
35 Deepseek-v2-lite-chat 49.3% 5-shot test Dec 2024 Official leaderboard
36 Baichuan2-13B-Chat 48.3% 5-shot test Sep 2023 Official leaderboard
37 Qwen2-1.5B-Instruct 47.1% 5-shot test Jun 2024 Official leaderboard
38 Llama 2-13B 44.8% 0-shot test Jul 2023 Official leaderboard
39 Baichuan-2-7B-chat 44.5% 5-shot test Dec 2024 Official leaderboard
40 Gemma-2-2B 43.9% 5-shot test Dec 2024 Official leaderboard
41 Llama 2-7B 41.9% 0-shot test Jul 2023 Official leaderboard
42 Qwen2.5-0.5B 41.9% 5-shot test Sep 2024 Official leaderboard
43 Internlm-2-chat-1.8b 41.2% 0-shot test Dec 2024 Official leaderboard
44 Qwen2-0.5B-Instruct 38.3% 5-shot test Jun 2024 Official leaderboard

Scores at each effort level

Models the leaderboard ran at two or more effort levels. We don’t have enough cost data here to say what the extra effort costs.

Lowest effort to highest, light to dark
GPT-4o
0-shot test 5-shot test
73.4%
Qwen2.5-72B
0-shot test
71.6%
GPT-4 Turbo
0-shot test 5-shot test
70.4%
Llama 3.1-70B
5-shot test 0-shot test
70.4%
Qwen2.5-32B
0-shot test
69.7%
Llama 3-70B
0-shot test
68.9%
Llama 3.3 70B Instruct
0-shot test
68.8%
Phi-4
5-shot test
68.5%
Qwen2.5-14B
5-shot test
67%
GPT-4o mini
5-shot test
66%
Mixtral 8x22B
5-shot test 0-shot test
65.3%
Gemini 1.5 Flash
0-shot test 5-shot test
64.8%

Source: Official MMLU-CF leaderboard

ModelEffortHarnessScoreCost per taskOutput tokens
GPT-4o Nov 2024 5-shot test 73.4%
GPT-4o Nov 2024 0-shot test 71.9%
Qwen2.5-72B 5-shot test 71.6%
Qwen2.5-72B 0-shot test 70.6%
GPT-4 Turbo Apr 2024 5-shot test 70.4%
Llama 3.1-70B 0-shot test 70.4%
Qwen2.5-32B 5-shot test 69.7%
GPT-4 Turbo Apr 2024 0-shot test 68.9%
Llama 3-70B 5-shot test 68.9%
Qwen2.5-32B 0-shot test 68.9%
Llama 3.3 70B Instruct 5-shot test 68.8%
Llama 3.1-70B 5-shot test 68.7%
Phi-4 0-shot test 68.5%
Llama 3-70B 0-shot test 68.1%
Phi-4 5-shot test 67.8%
Llama 3.3 70B Instruct 0-shot test 67.6%
Qwen2.5-14B 0-shot test 67%
Qwen2.5-14B 5-shot test 66.4%
GPT-4o mini 0-shot test 66%
GPT-4o mini 5-shot test 65.5%
Mixtral 8x22B 0-shot test 65.3%
Gemini 1.5 Flash Sep 2024 5-shot test 64.8%
Phi-3.5-MoE 5-shot test 64.6%
Gemma 2 27B 0-shot test 64.2%
Gemma 2 27B 5-shot test 63.9%
Qwen2-72B 5-shot test 63.7%
Phi-3.5-MoE 0-shot test 63.1%
Mixtral 8x22B 5-shot test 62.8%
Qwen2-72B 0-shot test 62.4%
Yi-1.5-34B 5-shot test 61.3%
Qwen2.5-7B 5-shot test 61.3%
Yi-1.5-34B 0-shot test 60.6%
Qwen1.5-72B 5-shot test 59.8%
Qwen2.5-7B 0-shot test 59.3%
Qwen1.5-72B 0-shot test 59.1%
Mixtral 8x7B 0-shot test 58.9%
GLM-4-9B-Chat 0-shot test 58.6%
Mixtral 8x7B 5-shot test 58.3%
Qwen2-7B-Instruct 0-shot test 58.3%
Phi-3.5-mini 0-shot test 58.3%
GPT-3.5 Turbo Jan 2024 5-shot test 58.2%
Qwen2-7B-Instruct 5-shot test 58.1%
Phi-3.5-mini 5-shot test 57.9%
GLM-4-9B-Chat 5-shot test 57.8%
Llama 3-8B 5-shot test 57.3%
GPT-3.5 Turbo Jan 2024 0-shot test 57.2%
Llama 3.1-8B 5-shot test 57.1%
Gemini 1.5 Flash Sep 2024 0-shot test 56.7%
Llama 3-8B 0-shot test 56.4%
Llama 3.1-8B 0-shot test 56.1%
Qwen2.5-3B 5-shot test 55.9%
Qwen2.5-3B 0-shot test 54.3%
Gemma 2 9B 5-shot test 53.7%
Yi-1.5-6B-Chat 5-shot test 52.8%
Llama 2-70B 5-shot test 52.2%
Yi-1.5-6B-Chat 0-shot test 52.2%
Llama 2-70B 0-shot test 51.2%
Qwen2.5-1.5B 5-shot test 51.2%
Mistral 7B v0.3 0-shot test 51.1%
Mistral 7B v0.3 5-shot test 50.7%
Qwen2.5-1.5B 0-shot test 50.7%
Baichuan2-13B-Chat 5-shot test 48.3%
Baichuan2-13B-Chat 0-shot test 47.1%
Qwen2-1.5B-Instruct 5-shot test 47.1%
Qwen2-1.5B-Instruct 0-shot test 45.2%
Llama 2-13B 0-shot test 44.8%
Llama 2-13B 5-shot test 42.8%
Llama 2-7B 0-shot test 41.9%
Qwen2.5-0.5B 5-shot test 41.9%
Llama 2-7B 5-shot test 39.4%
Qwen2-0.5B-Instruct 5-shot test 38.3%
Qwen2.5-0.5B 0-shot test 36%
Qwen2-0.5B-Instruct 0-shot test 33.5%
Gemma 2 9B 0-shot test 32.1%

Number one over time

Lab claims count from the day the card came out, independent runs from the model’s release.

OpenAI
Own leaderboard Not tested since Dec 2024
GPT-4o 73.4%

Source: Official MMLU-CF leaderboard

Scores over time

All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.

On the benchmark’s own leaderboard Best so far
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2024 2025 Near the ceiling (85%) GPT-4o GPT-4 Turbo Qwen1.5-72B Llama 2-70B 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2024 2025 Near the ceiling (85%) GPT-4o Qwen1.5-72B

Source: Official MMLU-CF leaderboard

No lab model card reports it yet

We read the headline results of 522 launch posts from 52 labs, and none of them list this benchmark.

More in Knowledge

All 121 in Knowledge
  • MMLU-Pro In use Harder 10-option version of MMLU with reasoning-focused questions across 14 subjects. Intern-S2-397B 89.8%
  • SuperGPQA In use 26,529 graduate-level multiple-choice questions across 285 disciplines. Accuracy. Qwen 3.6 Max (Preview) 73.9%
  • WideSearch In use 200 bilingual broad info-seeking tasks: agent collects many atomic facts into a table. Scored by success rate and row/item F1. Tencent Hy4 preview 83.9%
  • BBEH micro average In use Models solve harder replacements for each of the 23 BIG-Bench Hard tasks, 4,520 examples in total. The score is the share of all examples answered correctly. Gemma 4 31B IT 74.4%
  • KMMLU-Pro In use Models answer multiple-choice questions taken from Korean National Professional Licensure exams. It tests professional knowledge used in Korean industry. Solar Pro 4 79.2%
  • HLE-Verified In use Verified and revised version of Humanity's Last Exam (1,811 items) with uncertain items removed. Seed2.0 Pro 73.6%