MMLU-CF
Models answer new MMLU-style multiple-choice questions written to avoid training data contamination. A 10,000 question test set stays private.
Only the 10,000 question validation set is public. The makers score the test set on request through GitHub issues. OpenCompass supports it. ACL 2025.
- Made by
- Microsoft Research
- Released
- December 2024
- Kind
- Exam questions
- Level
- University
- Scored
- Checked automatically
- Answers
- Multiple choice
- Tasks
- Public, plus a private test set
- Strongest model tested
-
Phi-4 #159 on the capability index
- Last model added
- December 2024
- Scores refreshed
- November 12th, 2026
In the authors’ words
Multiple-choice question (MCQ) datasets like Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) are widely used to evaluate the commonsense, understanding, and problem-solving abilities of large language models (LLMs). However, the open-source nature of these benchmarks and the broad sources of training data for LLMs have inevitably led to benchmark contamination, resulting in unreliable evaluation results. To alleviate this issue, we propose a contamination-free and more challenging MCQ benchmark called MMLU-CF. This benchmark reassesses LLMs' understanding of world knowledge by averting both unintentional and malicious data leakage. To avoid unintentional data leakage, we source data from a broader domain and design three decontamination rules. To prevent malicious data leakage, we divide the benchmark into validation and test sets with similar difficulty and subject distributions. The test set remains closed-source to ensure reliable results, while the validation set is publicly available to promote transparency and facilitate independent verification. Our evaluation of mainstream LLMs reveals that the powerful GPT-4o achieves merely a 5-shot score of 73.4% and a 0-shot score of 71.9% on the test set, which indicates the effectiveness of our approach in creating a more rigorous and contamination-free evaluation standard. The GitHub repository is available at https://github.com/microsoft/MMLU-CF and the dataset refers to https://huggingface.co/datasets/microsoft/MMLU-CF.
GPT-4o leads with 73.4% among models released by December 2024
Best score per entry from the benchmark's own leaderboard, read on November 12th, 2026. Where a model ran with several settings or harnesses, we keep its best. Every run is in the next chart. Names in gray aren't in our model list: fine-tunes, agent systems, products and older models. They don't count toward leaders.
The newest model with a score here came out in December 2024, and nobody has tested a newer one. Among the 20 highest-ranked models on the capability index, these have no score yet:
- Claude Fable 5.2
-
Gemini 4 Carbon
- GPT-6 Astra
- Claude Opus 5.5
- and 16 more
- 73.4 GPT-4o
- 71.6
Qwen2.5-72B
- 70.4 GPT-4 Turbo
- 70.4
Llama 3.1-70B
- 69.7
Qwen2.5-32B
- 68.9
Llama 3-70B
- 68.8
Llama 3.3 70B Instruct
- 68.5
Phi-4
- 67.0
Qwen2.5-14B
- 66.0 GPT-4o mini
- 65.3
Mixtral 8x22B
- 64.8
Gemini 1.5 Flash
- 64.6
Phi-3.5-MoE
- 64.2
Gemma 2 27B
- 64.2 Phi-3-medium-instruct
- 63.7
Qwen2-72B
- 61.3
Yi-1.5-34B
- 61.3
Qwen2.5-7B
- 59.8
Qwen1.5-72B
- 58.9
Mixtral 8x7B
- 58.6 GLM-4-9B-Chat
- 58.3
Qwen2-7B-Instruct
- 58.3
Phi-3.5-mini
- 58.2 GPT-3.5 Turbo
- 58.2 Phi-3-mini-instruct (3.8B)
- 57.9 Internlm-2.5-7B-chat
- 57.3
Llama 3-8B
- 57.1
Llama 3.1-8B
- 55.9
Qwen2.5-3B
- 53.7
Gemma 2 9B
- 52.8
Yi-1.5-6B-Chat
- 52.2
Llama 2-70B
- 51.2
Qwen2.5-1.5B
- 51.1
Mistral 7B v0.3
- 49.3 Deepseek-v2-lite-chat
- 48.3 Baichuan2-13B-Chat
- 47.1
Qwen2-1.5B-Instruct
- 44.8
Llama 2-13B
- 44.5 Baichuan-2-7B-chat
- 43.9 Gemma-2-2B
- 41.9
Llama 2-7B
- 41.9
Qwen2.5-0.5B
- 41.2 Internlm-2-chat-1.8b
- 38.3
Qwen2-0.5B-Instruct
- 1 GPT-4o Nov 2024, 5-shot test 73.4%
- 2
Qwen2.5-72B 5-shot test 71.6%
- 3 GPT-4 Turbo Apr 2024, 5-shot test 70.4%
- 4
Llama 3.1-70B 0-shot test 70.4%
- 5
Qwen2.5-32B 5-shot test 69.7%
- 6
Llama 3-70B 5-shot test 68.9%
- 7
Llama 3.3 70B Instruct 5-shot test 68.8%
- 8
Phi-4 0-shot test 68.5%
- 9
Qwen2.5-14B 0-shot test 67%
- 10 GPT-4o mini 0-shot test 66%
- 11
Mixtral 8x22B 0-shot test 65.3%
- 12
Gemini 1.5 Flash Sep 2024, 5-shot test 64.8%
- 13
Phi-3.5-MoE 5-shot test 64.6%
- 14
Gemma 2 27B 0-shot test 64.2%
- 15 Phi-3-medium-instruct 5-shot test 64.2%
- 16
Qwen2-72B 5-shot test 63.7%
- 17
Yi-1.5-34B 5-shot test 61.3%
- 18
Qwen2.5-7B 5-shot test 61.3%
- 19
Qwen1.5-72B 5-shot test 59.8%
- 20
Mixtral 8x7B 0-shot test 58.9%
- 21 GLM-4-9B-Chat 0-shot test 58.6%
- 22
Qwen2-7B-Instruct 0-shot test 58.3%
- 23
Phi-3.5-mini 0-shot test 58.3%
- 24 GPT-3.5 Turbo Jan 2024, 5-shot test 58.2%
- 25 Phi-3-mini-instruct (3.8B) 0-shot test 58.2%
- 26 Internlm-2.5-7B-chat 0-shot test 57.9%
- 27
Llama 3-8B 5-shot test 57.3%
- 28
Llama 3.1-8B 5-shot test 57.1%
- 29
Qwen2.5-3B 5-shot test 55.9%
- 30
Gemma 2 9B 5-shot test 53.7%
- 31
Yi-1.5-6B-Chat 5-shot test 52.8%
- 32
Llama 2-70B 5-shot test 52.2%
- 33
Qwen2.5-1.5B 5-shot test 51.2%
- 34
Mistral 7B v0.3 0-shot test 51.1%
- 35 Deepseek-v2-lite-chat 5-shot test 49.3%
- 36 Baichuan2-13B-Chat 5-shot test 48.3%
- 37
Qwen2-1.5B-Instruct 5-shot test 47.1%
- 38
Llama 2-13B 0-shot test 44.8%
- 39 Baichuan-2-7B-chat 5-shot test 44.5%
- 40 Gemma-2-2B 5-shot test 43.9%
- 41
Llama 2-7B 0-shot test 41.9%
- 42
Qwen2.5-0.5B 5-shot test 41.9%
- 43 Internlm-2-chat-1.8b 0-shot test 41.2%
- 44
Qwen2-0.5B-Instruct 5-shot test 38.3%
Source: Official MMLU-CF leaderboard
| # | Entry | Score | Setting | Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | GPT-4o Nov 2024 | 73.4% | 5-shot test | Nov 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 2 | | 71.6% | 5-shot test | Sep 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 3 | GPT-4 Turbo Apr 2024 | 70.4% | 5-shot test | Apr 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 4 | | 70.4% | 0-shot test | Jul 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 5 | | 69.7% | 5-shot test | Sep 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 6 | | 68.9% | 5-shot test | Apr 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 7 | | 68.8% | 5-shot test | Dec 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 8 | | 68.5% | 0-shot test | Dec 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 9 | | 67% | 0-shot test | Sep 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 10 | GPT-4o mini | 66% | 0-shot test | Jul 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 11 | | 65.3% | 0-shot test | Apr 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 12 | | 64.8% | 5-shot test | Aug 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 13 | | 64.6% | 5-shot test | Aug 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 14 | | 64.2% | 0-shot test | Jun 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 15 | Phi-3-medium-instruct | 64.2% | 5-shot test | Dec 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 16 | | 63.7% | 5-shot test | Jun 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 17 | | 61.3% | 5-shot test | May 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 18 | | 61.3% | 5-shot test | Sep 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 19 | | 59.8% | 5-shot test | Feb 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 20 | | 58.9% | 0-shot test | Dec 2023 | Official leaderboard |
| 21 | GLM-4-9B-Chat | 58.6% | 0-shot test | Jun 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 22 | | 58.3% | 0-shot test | Jun 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 23 | | 58.3% | 0-shot test | Aug 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 24 | GPT-3.5 Turbo Jan 2024 | 58.2% | 5-shot test | Jan 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 25 | Phi-3-mini-instruct (3.8B) | 58.2% | 0-shot test | Dec 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 26 | Internlm-2.5-7B-chat | 57.9% | 0-shot test | Dec 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 27 | | 57.3% | 5-shot test | Apr 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 28 | | 57.1% | 5-shot test | Jul 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 29 | | 55.9% | 5-shot test | Sep 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 30 | | 53.7% | 5-shot test | Jun 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 31 | | 52.8% | 5-shot test | May 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 32 | | 52.2% | 5-shot test | Jul 2023 | Official leaderboard |
| 33 | | 51.2% | 5-shot test | Sep 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 34 | | 51.1% | 0-shot test | Sep 2023 | Official leaderboard |
| 35 | Deepseek-v2-lite-chat | 49.3% | 5-shot test | Dec 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 36 | Baichuan2-13B-Chat | 48.3% | 5-shot test | Sep 2023 | Official leaderboard |
| 37 | | 47.1% | 5-shot test | Jun 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 38 | | 44.8% | 0-shot test | Jul 2023 | Official leaderboard |
| 39 | Baichuan-2-7B-chat | 44.5% | 5-shot test | Dec 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 40 | Gemma-2-2B | 43.9% | 5-shot test | Dec 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 41 | | 41.9% | 0-shot test | Jul 2023 | Official leaderboard |
| 42 | | 41.9% | 5-shot test | Sep 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 43 | Internlm-2-chat-1.8b | 41.2% | 0-shot test | Dec 2024 | Official leaderboard |
| 44 | | 38.3% | 5-shot test | Jun 2024 | Official leaderboard |
Scores at each effort level
Models the leaderboard ran at two or more effort levels. We don’t have enough cost data here to say what the extra effort costs.
Source: Official MMLU-CF leaderboard
| Model | Effort | Harness | Score | Cost per task | Output tokens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GPT-4o Nov 2024 | 5-shot test | 73.4% | |||
| GPT-4o Nov 2024 | 0-shot test | 71.9% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 71.6% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 70.6% | |||
| GPT-4 Turbo Apr 2024 | 5-shot test | 70.4% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 70.4% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 69.7% | |||
| GPT-4 Turbo Apr 2024 | 0-shot test | 68.9% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 68.9% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 68.9% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 68.8% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 68.7% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 68.5% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 68.1% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 67.8% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 67.6% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 67% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 66.4% | |||
| GPT-4o mini | 0-shot test | 66% | |||
| GPT-4o mini | 5-shot test | 65.5% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 65.3% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 64.8% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 64.6% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 64.2% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 63.9% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 63.7% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 63.1% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 62.8% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 62.4% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 61.3% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 61.3% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 60.6% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 59.8% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 59.3% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 59.1% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 58.9% | |||
| GLM-4-9B-Chat | 0-shot test | 58.6% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 58.3% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 58.3% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 58.3% | |||
| GPT-3.5 Turbo Jan 2024 | 5-shot test | 58.2% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 58.1% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 57.9% | |||
| GLM-4-9B-Chat | 5-shot test | 57.8% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 57.3% | |||
| GPT-3.5 Turbo Jan 2024 | 0-shot test | 57.2% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 57.1% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 56.7% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 56.4% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 56.1% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 55.9% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 54.3% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 53.7% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 52.8% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 52.2% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 52.2% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 51.2% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 51.2% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 51.1% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 50.7% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 50.7% | |||
| Baichuan2-13B-Chat | 5-shot test | 48.3% | |||
| Baichuan2-13B-Chat | 0-shot test | 47.1% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 47.1% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 45.2% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 44.8% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 42.8% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 41.9% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 41.9% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 39.4% | |||
| | 5-shot test | 38.3% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 36% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 33.5% | |||
| | 0-shot test | 32.1% |
Number one over time
Lab claims count from the day the card came out, independent runs from the model’s release.
Source: Official MMLU-CF leaderboard
Scores over time
All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.
Source: Official MMLU-CF leaderboard
No lab model card reports it yet
We read the headline results of 522 launch posts from 52 labs, and none of them list this benchmark.
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