Benchmark Almanac

Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology

GPT-Rosalind-6 63.1% leads since October 2026
Only in system cards

Models troubleshoot virology lab scenarios, sometimes with images, and must select every correct answer. Scored as refusal-adjusted pass@1.

Questions come from SecureBio. OpenAI Preparedness evaluation.

Released
December 2024
Kind
Lab protocols
Level
Expert
Scored
Checked automatically
Answers
Multiple choice
Tasks
Kept private
Strongest model tested
GPT-6 Astra #3 on the capability index
Last in a system card
October 2026
Last model added
October 2026
27
Models scored in lab cards
37
System cards report it, from 1 lab

GPT-Rosalind-6 leads with 63.1%

Best score per model as labs report them in their own cards. Labs pick their own settings, so these compare less cleanly than independent runs.

27 models. Scroll sideways for the rest.

  1. 63.1 GPT-Rosalind-6
  2. 59.0 o1
  3. 59.0 o3
  4. 58.0 o4-mini
  5. 56.0 GPT-4.5
  6. 55.8 GPT-6 Astra
  7. 55.5 GPT-5.6 Sol
  8. 55.3 GPT-5.5 Pro
  9. 55.3 GPT-6.1 Sol
  10. 55.0 OpenAI deep research
  11. 55.0 gpt-oss-120b
  12. 53.7 GPT-5.5
  13. 53.0 o3-mini
  14. 52.5 GPT-6.1 Terra
  15. 51.7 GPT-6 Sol
  16. 51.1 GPT-5.5 Instant
  17. 50.4 GPT-5.4
  18. 50.2 GPT-5.6 Luna
  19. 50.0 gpt-oss-20b
  20. 50.0 GPT-5.3 Codex
  21. 49.1 GPT-6 Luna
  22. 48.0 GPT-5.2 Codex
  23. 46.5 GPT-5.4 Mini
  24. 43.0 GPT-5.2
  25. 42.0 GPT-5
  26. 39.0 GPT-5 mini
  27. 38.0 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max
  1. 1 GPT-Rosalind-6 63.1%
  2. 2 o1 59%
  3. 3 o3 59%
  4. 4 o4-mini 58%
  5. 5 GPT-4.5 56%
  6. 6 GPT-6 Astra 55.8%
  7. 7 GPT-5.6 Sol 55.5%
  8. 8 GPT-5.5 Pro 55.3%
  9. 9 GPT-6.1 Sol 55.3%
  10. 10 OpenAI deep research 55%
  11. 11 gpt-oss-120b 55%
  12. 12 GPT-5.5 53.7%
  13. 13 o3-mini 53%
  14. 14 GPT-6.1 Terra 52.5%
  15. 15 GPT-6 Sol 51.7%
  16. 16 GPT-5.5 Instant 51.1%
  17. 17 GPT-5.4 50.4%
  18. 18 GPT-5.6 Luna 50.2%
  19. 19 gpt-oss-20b 50%
  20. 20 GPT-5.3 Codex 50%
  21. 21 GPT-6 Luna 49.1%
  22. 22 GPT-5.2 Codex 48%
  23. 23 GPT-5.4 Mini 46.5%
  24. 24 GPT-5.2 43%
  25. 25 GPT-5 42%
  26. 26 GPT-5 mini 39%
  27. 27 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max 38%

Source: Labs’ model cards

#ModelScoreSettingDateSource
1 GPT-Rosalind-6 63.1% Oct 2026 Lab model card
2 o1 59% Dec 2024 Lab model card
3 o3 59% Apr 2025 Lab model card
4 o4-mini 58% Apr 2025 Lab model card
5 GPT-4.5 56% Feb 2025 Lab model card
6 GPT-6 Astra 55.8% Sep 2026 Lab model card
7 GPT-5.6 Sol 55.5% Jun 2026 Lab model card
8 GPT-5.5 Pro 55.3% Apr 2026 Lab model card
9 GPT-6.1 Sol 55.3% Sep 2026 Lab model card
10 OpenAI deep research 55% Feb 2025 Lab model card
11 gpt-oss-120b 55% Aug 2025 Lab model card
12 GPT-5.5 53.7% Apr 2026 Lab model card
13 o3-mini 53% Jan 2025 Lab model card
14 GPT-6.1 Terra 52.5% Oct 2026 Lab model card
15 GPT-6 Sol 51.7% Oct 2026 Lab model card
16 GPT-5.5 Instant 51.1% May 2026 Lab model card
17 GPT-5.4 50.4% Mar 2026 Lab model card
18 GPT-5.6 Luna 50.2% Aug 2026 Lab model card
19 gpt-oss-20b 50% Aug 2025 Lab model card
20 GPT-5.3 Codex 50% Feb 2026 Lab model card
21 GPT-6 Luna 49.1% Sep 2026 Lab model card
22 GPT-5.2 Codex 48% Dec 2025 Lab model card
23 GPT-5.4 Mini 46.5% Mar 2026 Lab model card
24 GPT-5.2 43% Dec 2025 Lab model card
25 GPT-5 42% Aug 2025 Lab model card
26 GPT-5 mini 39% Aug 2025 Lab model card
27 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max 38% Nov 2025 Lab model card

2 models have held number one in labs’ own numbers since its release in December 2024

Lab claims count from the day the card came out, independent runs from the model’s release.

OpenAI
Lab claims 2 leaders
GPT-Rosalind-6 63.1%

Source: Labs’ model cards

Scores over time

All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.

Reported by the lab in its model card Best so far
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2025 2026 2027 Near the ceiling (85%) GPT-Rosalind-6 o1 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2025 2026 2027 Near the ceiling (85%) GPT-Rosalind-6 o1

Source: Labs’ model cards

Labs report it only in system cards

We read the headline results of 522 launch posts from 52 labs, and none of them list this benchmark. Some system cards do, below.

37 system cards report it, from 1 lab

Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.

DateDocumentScoreAs the document writes itSection
Oct 30, 2026 GPT-Rosalind-6 system card 63.1 SecureBio multimodal virology troubleshooting, refusal-adjusted pass@1 Bio and chem risk
Oct 29, 2026 GPT-6 Luna system card addendum 45.9 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 (Table 8) Bio and chem risk
Oct 26, 2026 GPT-6.1 Terra system card addendum 52.5 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, refusal-adjusted pass@1 (46.52% excluding refusals, printed chart label) (table and Figure 21, 9.0.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Oct 7, 2026 GPT-6 Sol system card addendum 51.7 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 (Table 8) Bio and chem risk
Oct 7, 2026 GPT-6 Luna system card addendum 48.1 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 (Table 8) Bio and chem risk
Sep 29, 2026 GPT-6.1 Sol system card addendum 55.3 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, refusal-adjusted pass@1 (9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Sep 22, 2026 GPT-6 Sol system card 50.6 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 (Table 33, A.8.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Sep 22, 2026 GPT-6 Luna system card 49.1 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 (Table 33, A.8.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Sep 3, 2026 GPT-6 Astra system card 55.8 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 (refusal-adjusted 63.11%) (10.1.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Aug 6, 2026 GPT-5.6 Sol system card addendum 49.4 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 with refusals or safe completions counted (49.03% without), printed chart label (Figure 3, 7.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Aug 6, 2026 GPT-5.6 Luna system card addendum 50.2 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 with refusals or safe completions counted (49.72% without), printed chart label (Figure 3, 7.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Jul 9, 2026 GPT-5.6 Terra system card Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 by cost and latency, chart without printed numbers (Figures 22, 23, 9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Jul 9, 2026 GPT-5.6 Sol system card 55.5 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1, top score stated in text (9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Jul 9, 2026 GPT-5.6 Luna system card Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 by cost and latency, chart without printed numbers (Figures 22, 23, 9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Jun 25, 2026 GPT-5.6 Terra system card Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 by cost and latency, chart without printed numbers (Figures 22, 23, 9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Jun 25, 2026 GPT-5.6 Sol system card 55.5 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1, top score stated in text (9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Jun 25, 2026 GPT-5.6 Luna system card Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 by cost and latency, chart without printed numbers (Figures 22, 23, 9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
May 4, 2026 GPT-5.5 Instant system card 51.1 Multi-select Virology Troubleshooting, pass@1 (52.91% counting refusals or safe completions), printed chart label (Figure 3, 8.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Apr 23, 2026 GPT-5.5 system card 53.7 Multi-select virology troubleshooting, pass@1, printed chart label (Figure 12, 9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Apr 23, 2026 GPT-5.5 Pro system card 55.3 Multi-select virology troubleshooting, pass@1, GPT-5.5 Pro, printed chart label (Figure 12, 9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Mar 17, 2026 GPT-5.4 Mini system card 46.5 Multi-select Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 (47.0% counting refusals) (Table 18) Bio and chem risk
Mar 5, 2026 GPT-5.4 system card 50.4 Multi-select Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1, printed chart label (Figure 8, 5.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Feb 5, 2026 GPT-5.3 Codex system card 50 Multimodal troubleshooting virology, pass@1, printed chart label (Figure 3, 5.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
Dec 18, 2025 GPT-5.2 Codex system card addendum 48 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology (Multi-select), pass@1, printed chart label (Figure 1, 5.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
Dec 11, 2025 GPT-5.2 system card addendum 43 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology (Multi-select), pass@1, gpt-5.2 browsing, printed chart label (Figure 5) Bio and chem risk
Nov 18, 2025 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max system card 38 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology (Multi-select), pass@1, printed chart label (45% with refusals counted) (Figure 2, 5.1.1.2) Bio and chem risk
Aug 7, 2025 GPT-5 system card 42 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology (Multi-select), pass@1, gpt-5-thinking browsing launch candidate (Figure 10) Bio and chem risk
Aug 7, 2025 GPT-5 mini system card 39 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology (Multi-select), pass@1, gpt-5-thinking-mini browsing launch candidate (Figure 10) Bio and chem risk
Aug 5, 2025 gpt-oss-20b model card 50 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, cons@32 axis, gpt-oss 20b browsing launch candidate (Figure 6) Bio and chem risk
Aug 5, 2025 gpt-oss-120b model card 55 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, cons@32 axis, gpt-oss 120b browsing launch candidate (Figure 6) Bio and chem risk
Jul 17, 2025 ChatGPT agent system card Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, cons@32, chart shows only ChatGPT Agent browsing helpful-only at 57%, no released-model value (Figure 2, 5.1.1.2) Bio and chem risk
Apr 16, 2025 o4-mini system card 58 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, cons@32, o4-mini no browsing launch candidate, printed chart label (Figure 4) Bio and chem risk
Apr 16, 2025 o3 system card 59 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, cons@32, o3 no browsing launch candidate, printed chart label (Figure 4) Bio and chem risk
Feb 27, 2025 GPT-4.5 system card 56 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, single select, post-mitigation (4.3.2) Bio and chem risk
Feb 25, 2025 OpenAI deep research system card 55 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, single select, cons@32, post-mitigation with browsing, text and printed chart label (without browsing 56%) (3.4.4) Bio and chem risk
Jan 31, 2025 o3-mini system card 53 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, single select, post-mitigation (5.4.5) Bio and chem risk
Dec 5, 2024 o1 system card 59 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, single select, cons@32, o1 (post-mitigation) (5.5.5 chart and text) Bio and chem risk

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